The Navy has invested considerable effort and resources to model and analyze the effects of underwater sound sources used during training activities. Based on recommendations from the Center for Independent Experts (sponsored by the National Marine Fisheries Service), the Navy created the Navy Acoustic Effects Model (NAEMO), an advanced acoustic modeling and simulation software tool. NAEMO is used as part of the Navy’s quantitative analysis process for estimating impacts on marine mammals and sea turtles from underwater sound associated with training.